https://res.cloudinary.com/pcf/image/upload/v1560365666/2019_PCF_PatientGuide_Bayer_June2019_xwuxam.pdf
Prostate cancer in detail
Turmeric, red grape, and apple compounds 'starve' prostate cancer cells
https://comprehensive-urology.com/prostate-biopsy/
http://toddseals63.blogspot.com/
https://www.pcf.org/
https://vitaljake.com/category/prostate/
https://dansjourney.com/blog-posts/
http://renewrepurpose.com/
http://prostatecancer911.com/prostate-cancer-news/
https://sperlingprostatecenter.com/blog/
https://zerocancer.org/blog/
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/categories/health/prostate-health
https://www.pcf.org/article_external_tag/patient-stories/
Symptoms Treatment Causes Stages Diagnosis Outlook Risk factors
Prostate cancer affects the prostate gland, the gland that produces some of the fluid in semen and plays a role in urine control in men.
The prostate gland is located below the bladder and in front of the rectum.
In the United States (U.S.), it is the most common cancer in men, but it is also treatable if found in the early stages.
In 2017, the American Cancer Society predicts that there will be around 161,360 new diagnoses of prostate cancer, and that around 26,730 fatalities will occur because of it.
Regular testing is crucial as the cancer needs to be diagnosed before metastasis.
Fast facts on prostate cancer:
Here are some key points about the prostate cancer. More detail is in the main article.
The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men.
It is treatable if diagnosed early, before it spreads.
If symptoms appear, they include problems with urination.
Regular screening Is the best way to detect it in good time.
Symptoms
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting men.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting men.
vThere are usually no symptoms during the early stages of prostate cancer. However, if symptoms do appear, they usually involve one or more of the following:
frequent urges to urinate, including at night
difficulty commencing and maintaining urination
blood in the urine
painful urination and, less commonly, ejaculation
difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection may be difficult
Advanced prostate cancer can involve the following symptoms:
bone pain, often in the spine, femur, pelvis, or ribs
bone fractures
If the cancer spreads to the spine and compresses the spinal cord, there may be:
leg weakness
urinary incontinence
fecal incontinence
Treatment
Treatment is different for early and advanced prostate cancers.
Early stage prostate cancer
If the cancer is small and localized, it is usually managed by one of the following treatments:
Watchful waiting or monitoring: PSA blood levels are regularly checked, but there is no immediate action. The risk of side-effects sometimes outweighs the need for immediate treatment for this slow-developing cancer.
Radical prostatectomy: The prostate is surgically removed. Traditional surgery requires a hospital stay of up to 10 days, with a recovery time of up to 3 months. Robotic keyhole surgery involves a shorter hospitalization and recovery period, but it can be more expensive. Patients should speak to their insurer about coverage.
Brachytherapy: Radioactive seeds are implanted into the prostate to deliver targeted radiation treatment.
Conformal radiation therapy: Radiation beams are shaped so that the region where they overlap is as close to the same shape as the organ or region that requires treatment. This minimizes healthy tissue exposure to radiation.
Intensity modulated radiation therapy: Beams with variable intensity are used. This is an advanced form of conformal radiation therapy.
In the early stages, patients may receive radiation therapy combined with hormone therapy for 4 to 6 months.
Treatment recommendations depend on individual cases. The patient should discuss all available options with their urologist or oncologist.
Advanced prostate cancer
Advanced cancer is more aggressive and will have spread further throughout the body.
Chemotherapy may be recommended, as it can kill cancer cells around the body.
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), or androgen suppression therapy, is a hormone treatment that reduces the effect of androgen. Androgens are male hormones that can stimulate cancer growth. ADT can slow down and even stop cancer growth by reducing androgen levels.
The patient will likely need long-term hormone therapy.
Even if the hormone therapy stops working after a while, there may be other options. Participation in clinical trials is one option that a patient may wish to discuss with the doctor.
Radical prostatectomy is not currently an option for advanced cases, as it does not treat the cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.
Fertility
As the prostate is directly involved with sexual reproduction, removing it affects semen production and fertility.
Radiation therapy affects the prostate tissue and often reduces the ability to father children. The sperm can be damaged and the semen insufficient for transporting sperm.
Non-surgical options, too, can severely inhibit a man's reproductive capacity.
Options for preserving these functions can include donating to a sperm bank before surgery, or having sperm extracted directly from the testicles for artificial insemination into an egg. However, the success of these options is never guaranteed.
Patients with prostate cancer can speak to a fertility doctor if they still intend to father children.
What causes prostate cancer?
The prostate is a walnut-sized exocrine gland. This means that its fluids and secretions are intended for use outside of the body.
The prostate produces the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm on their journey to fuse with a female ovum, or egg, and produce human life. The prostate contracts and forces these fluids out during orgasm.
The protein excreted by the prostate, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), helps semen retain its liquid state. An excess of this protein in the blood is one of the first signs of prostate cancer.
The urethra is tube through which sperm and urine exit the body. It also passes through the prostate.
As such, the prostate is also responsible for urine control. It can tighten and restrict the flow of urine through the urethra using thousands of tiny muscle fibers.
How does it start?
It usually starts in the glandular cells. This is known as adenocarcinoma. Tiny changes occur in the shape and size of the prostate gland cells, known as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). This tends to happen slowly and does not show symptoms until further into the progression.
Nearly 50 percent of all men over the age of 50 years have PIN. High-grade PIN is considered pre-cancerous, and it requires further investigation. Low-grade PIN is not a cause for concern.
Prostate cancer can be successfully treated if it is diagnosed before metastasis, but if it spreads, it is more dangerous. It most commonly spreads to the bones.
Stages
Staging takes into account the size and extent of the tumor and the scale of the metastasis (whether it has traveled to other organs and tissues).
At Stage 0, the tumor has neither spread from the prostate gland nor invaded deeply into it. At Stage 4, the cancer has spread to distant sites and organs.
Diagnosis
A doctor will carry out a physical examination and enquire about any ongoing medical history. If the patient has symptoms, or if a routine blood test shows abnormally high PSA levels, further examinations may be requested.
Imaging scans can show and track the presence of prostate cancer.
Imaging scans can show and track the presence of prostate cancer.
Tests may include:
a digital rectal examination (DRE), in which a doctor will manually check for any abnormalities of the prostate with their finger
a biomarker test checking the blood, urine, or body tissues of a person with cancer for chemicals unique to individuals with cancer
If these tests show abnormal results, further tests will include:
a PCA3 test examining the urine for the PCA3 gene only found in prostate cancer cells
a transrectal ultrasound scan providing imaging of the affected region using a probe that emits sounds
a biopsy, or the removal of 12 to 14 small pieces of tissue from several areas of the prostate for examination under a microscope
These will help confirm the stage of the cancer, whether it has spread, and what treatment is appropriate.
To track any spread, or metastasis, doctors may use a bone, CT scan, or MRI scan.
Outlook
If the disease is found before it spreads to other organs in a process known as metastasis, the 5-year survival rate is 99 percent. After fifteen years, this decreases to 96 percent. Once the cancer metastasizes, or spreads, the 5-year survival rate is 29 percent.
Regular screening can help detect prostate cancer while it is still treatable.
Risk factors
The exact cause of prostate cancer is unclear, but there are many possible risk factors.
Age
Prostate cancer is rare among men under the age of 45 years, but more common after the age of 50 years.
Geography
Prostate cancer occurs most frequently in North America, northwestern Europe, on the Caribbean islands, and in Australia. The reasons remain unclear.
Genetic factors
Certain genetic and ethnic groups have an increased risk of prostate cancer.
In the U.S., prostate cancer is at least 60 percent more common and 2 to 3 times more deadly among black men than non-Hispanic white men.
A man also has a much higher risk of developing cancer if his identical twin has it, and a man whose brother or father had prostate cancer has twice the risk of developing it compared to other men. Having a brother who has or has had prostate cancer is more of a genetic risk than having a father with the disease.
Diet
Studies have suggested that a diet high in red meat or high-fat dairy products may increase a person's chances of developing prostate cancer, but the link is neither confirmed nor clear.
Medication
Some research has suggested that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Others have linked NSAID use with a higher risk of death from the disease. This is a controversial area, and results have not been confirmed.
There has also been some investigation into whether statins might slow the progression of prostate cancer. One 2016 study concluded that results were "weak and inconsistent."
Obesity
It is often believed that obesity is linked to the development of prostate cancer, but the American Cancer Society maintains that there is no clear link.
Some studies have found that obesity increases the risk of death in advanced cancers. Studies have also concluded that obesity decreases the risk that a cancer will be low-grade if it does occur.
Agent Orange
Exposure to Agent Orange, a chemical weapon used in the Vietnam war, may possibly be linked to the development of more aggressive types of cancer, but the extent of this has not been confirmed.
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Prostate cancer: What you need to know
Prostate cancer is highly treatable if it is diagnosed in the early stages. If it is discovered at stage 1, the survival rate is almost 100 percent, with treatment. Find out more about how prostate cancer is staged, what kind of treatment is available, and what the outlook is at each stage of the condition.
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The 10 best prostate cancer blogs
Prostate cancer blogs are helpful for patients and caregivers alike. We have selected the best prostate cancer blogs that provide information and support.
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Metastatic prostate cancer: What you need to know
Prostate cancer occurs when the cells in the prostate gland grow uncontrollably. Metastatic prostate cancer means the cancer has spread beyond the prostate to other parts of the body. Symptoms may include bone pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Find out more about treatment options, treatment side effects, and outlook.
Visit our Prostate / Prostate Cancer category page for the latest news on this subject, or sign up to our newsletter to receive the latest updates on Prostate / Prostate Cancer.
References
Citations
Recommended Related News
Hormone Therapy Before Radiation Seed Implants For Prostate Cancer
American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, ScienceDaily, 2008
Radiation Added To Hormone Therapy Increases Survival For Men With Prostate Cancer
American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, ScienceDaily, 2008
Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancers More Likely To Spread To Other Organs
University of California - Los Angeles, ScienceDaily, 2008
What is prostate cancer?
Prostate / Prostate Cancer
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Causes and treatment of chronic prostatitis
PSA levels after prostatectomy
What to expect from Lupron treatment
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The 10 best prostate cancer blogs
Published Thursday 27 July 2017 By Hannah Nichols
Being diagnosed with prostate cancer may trigger a range of feelings, including fear, anxiety, depression, and disbelief. While everyone finds their own way to cope with a diagnosis, prostate cancer blogs may help you to feel as though you are not alone. We have selected the best prostate cancer blogs.
Person on smartphone or tablet
Prostate cancer blogs often feature personal stories from other people with prostate cancer and information from experts on the disease.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancer types in men, with around 161,360 new cases in the United States each year, according to the American Cancer Society. Around 1 in 7 men will receive a diagnosis of prostate cancer in their lifetime.
Although around 26,730 yearly deaths occur from prostate cancer among U.S. men, most men who are diagnosed with the condition do not die from the disease; more than 2.9 million U.S. men who have received a prostate cancer diagnosis "at some point are still alive today."
Healthcare providers will help you to determine the most effective course of care for your condition. However, prostate cancer blogs can help you to connect with people who understand what you are going through.
Medical News Today have located the 10 best prostate cancer blogs that provide guidance, information on what to expect, and support.
Harvard Health Blog: Prostate Health
Harvard Health Blog is run by Harvard Health Publications, the publishing division of the Harvard Medical School of Harvard University. Harvard Health Publications draw on the expertise of more than 11,000 physicians, researchers, and faculty members to deliver up-to-date information that is trustworthy and accessible.
Their Prostate Health blog has posts from Charlie Schmidt, among other writers. Schmidt is the editor of Harvard Medical School Annual Report on Prostate Disease.
Schmidt writes articles such as how combining surgery, radiation, and hormonal therapy may extend survival in advanced prostate cancer, how a new imaging technique may help men to avoid prostate biopsy, and how a urine test can predict high-grade prostate cancer.
Visit the Harvard Prostate Health blog.
Prostate Cancer Foundation
The Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) was founded in 1993 to harness more financial and human resources in the mission to develop new breakthroughs and find a cure for prostate cancer.
Through the support of the PCF, the number of drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of prostate cancer has increased from seven, when the PCF first started, to 13 today. The PCF say that there are many more treatments in the pipeline.
The PCF blog features patient stories including Charlie's battle with prostate cancer for 13 years, Stevie's bid to spread awareness on being responsible and getting prostate checkups, and Russell's request for a prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test that led to the discovery that he had prostate cancer.
Visit the PCF blog.
Journey to ZERO
ZERO is a national nonprofit organization with a mission to end prostate cancer and have a future with zero prostate cancer deaths. They aim to advance prostate cancer research, help to improve the lives of men and their families, and inspire action against prostate cancer.
ZERO provide educational resources and are funding research for early prostate cancer detection methods. They hope to motivate a passionate, like-minded, and multigenerational team of advocates to put an end to prostate cancer.
The Journey to ZERO blog includes patient education, community perspectives, personal stories, and advocacy in action. Posts include Paul's 5-year anniversary of being diagnosed with stage 4 prostate cancer, Landi's making of a documentary film about prostate cancer in the African American community, and how the ZERO360 support program helped a 56-year-old with his cancer diagnosis, job loss, and financial burden.
Visit the Journey to ZERO blog.
Sperling Prostate Center
The Sperling Prostate Center is based in New York City, NY, and offers advanced noninvasive imaging to detect prostate tumors, and prostate treatments with a goal of minimal side effects, a low rate of recurrence, a near nonexistent risk of impotence or incontinence, and preserving quality of life.
Dr. Dan Sperling is the founder of Sperling Prostate Center. He helped to pioneer the MRI-Guided Prostate Laser Ablation, which is a minimally invasive procedure designed to target and destroy only the prostate tumor while leaving healthy tissue untouched.
The Sperling Prostate Center's Prostate Health & Wellness Blog covers topics including how Italian-style coffee may reduce prostate cancer risk, the new patient selection guidelines for focal therapy, and the 10 key warning signs of prostate cancer.
Visit the Sperling Prostate Cancer blog.
Prostate Cancer 911
goProstate Cancer 911 is a website by Dr. David Samadi and his team. Dr. Samadi is the chairman of urology and chief of robotic surgery at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, NY. He is a world-renowned prostate cancer specialist.
Dr. Samadi is trained in both open surgery and minimally invasive advanced treatments for prostate cancer, including laparoscopic robotic radical prostatectomy and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. He aspires to bring global awareness to prostate cancer.
The Prostate Cancer 911 blog includes prostate cancer news such as how radical prostatectomy improves the chance of long-term survival, nutritional tips for during and after prostate cancer treatment, and potential prostate cancer warning signs and when to be concerned.
Visit the Prostate Cancer 911 blog.
Renew | Repurpose
Renew | Repurpose replaces the blog Cancer Adventures that Marlys Johnson initially set up with her husband Gary after he received a prostate cancer diagnosis. Marlys says that Gary was the "same witty, courageous wry-humored kind man until [his death in] November 2014."
Marlys has created Renew | Repurpose to go beyond cancer and help people to find a fresh purpose in seasons of loss. Marlys explains that an unspeakable loss could happen through a serious illness or disability, loss of meaningful work, an empty nest, a divorce, unwanted location, financial setbacks, or the death of a loved one.
Recent posts on the blog include 11 reasons why you should not get involved with a support team, how to live knowing that cancer and loss will change your future, and how to maintain bonds with deceased loved ones.
Visit the Renew | Repurpose blog.
Dan's Journey through Prostate Cancer
Dan's Journey through Prostate Cancer is the blog of Daniel E. Zeller. Dan started an unplanned and unexpected journey into the world of prostate cancer in 2010.
Dan says that having first-hand knowledge from other people with prostate cancer was invaluable to him, and the intent of his blog is to help educate, increase awareness, and provide insight for those who are newly diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Latest posts by Dan include a survey for individuals who have had a prostatectomy and had their PSA return after surgery, life 78 months after radical prostatectomy, and perspectives gained through a prostate cancer support group.
Visit the Dan's Journey through Prostate Cancer blog.
Vital Jake
Janet Worthington is the writer of the blog Vital Jake. Janet started writing about prostate cancer in the early 1990s after her husband's father had died from prostate cancer at age 53. Janet's father was also diagnosed with prostate cancer, and Janet says that having the radical prostatectomy saved his life.
Janet's heart lies in writing articles about men's health. Her mission is to be that of a patient advocate, to write for the typical person who visits the doctor. She writes in an easy-to-understand way and shares information with individuals who need it the most.
Blog posts on the Vital Jake Prostate blog include gene-targeted treatment for prostate cancer, a discussion on prostate cancer treatment and erectile dysfunction, and how Paul survived prostate cancer and beyond.
Visit the Vital Jake Prostate blog.
Living with Prostate Cancer
Living with Prostate Cancer is a blog created by Todd Seals. Todd was diagnosed with stage 4 prostate cancer in 2006, at age 42, and he shares his story to inspire others. Before cancer, he says that he took life for granted and that cancer gave him a second chance.
Todd's blog is about living with cancer and focuses more on the living than the cancer itself. He says that while cancer will always be a part of his story, it will never be the focal point.
Popular posts on the blog include Todd's new chapter with a new oncologist and insurance, his challenge after being prescribed Zytiga, and a list of rules to help you survive the prostate cancer journey, which Todd put together on the 10-year anniversary of his stage 4 diagnosis.
Visit the Living with Prostate Cancer blog.
Prostate Cancer Institute of Los Angeles
The Prostate Cancer Institute of Los Angeles specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of prostate cancer of all stages.
They offer an expert team of urologists, oncologists, radiologists, and radiation oncologists to provide prostate cancer patients with the best treatment options and outcomes.
The most recent posts on the Prostate Cancer Institute of Los Angeles blog include reducing your risk of prostate cancer through maintaining a healthful diet, risk factors that are associated with prostate cancer, and suggestions of what to do after being diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Visit the Prostate Cancer Institute of Los Angeles blog.
Turmeric, red grape, and apple compounds 'starve' prostate cancer cells
Researchers have found that a compound found in apples, red grapes, and turmeric can prevent prostate cancer cells from getting the nutrients they need.
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Hormone therapy for prostate cancer may raise dementia risk
Men treated with androgen deprivation therapy - a hormone therapy - for prostate cancer may be more than twice as likely to develop dementia, study finds.
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Soy may raise risk of advanced prostate cancer
Researchers have identified a link between foods rich in isoflavones, such as soy, and a greater risk of advanced prostate cancer.
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How nerves fuel prostate cancer growth
Researchers from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine have pinpointed how certain nerves drive the growth of prostate cancer using a metabolic 'switch.'
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Hormone therapy for prostate cancer increases cardiac risk
Androgen-deprivation therapy is widely used to treat prostate cancer. In a recent study, the potential risks to heart health are examined.
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Prostate cancer: Three-in-one blood test could fuel personalized treatment
A single blood test could identify how prostate cancer patients will respond to PARP inhibitors in as little as 4 to 8 weeks, say researchers.
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